
小朋友咳極都唔好,父母要留意啲乜?常見成因與護理要點
一、兒童長期咳嗽嘅獨特性
咳嗽係小朋友去睇醫生最常遇到嘅症狀之一,但係當咳嘅時間超過四個星期,醫學上就會稱之為「久咳不癒」,呢個情況對細路仔嘅生活質素、睡眠、胃口甚至生長發育都會帶嚟明顯影響。同大人唔同,小朋友嘅呼吸道結構仲未發育得晒,氣管比較窄、黏膜比較脆弱,免疫系統亦都喺度成熟緊,所以對病菌同環境刺激嘅反應會更加敏感。好多家長成日將小朋友嘅久咳唔好當成普通感冒未斷尾,而忽略咗背後可能隱藏嘅特定病因,好似呼吸道融合病毒(RSV)感染、細支氣管炎或者哮喘咁。另外,小朋友表達能力有限,好難清楚講到咳嘅性質、次數或者有冇胸口悶嘅感覺,咁樣會令診斷更加困難。要留意嘅係,如果小朋友久咳唔好冇得到妥善處理,可能會令病情惡化,甚至引發肺炎或者慢性呼吸道疾病。所以,家長需要有辨識警號嘅能力,了解邊啲原因最常導致小朋友長期咳,咁先可以喺第一時間做出正確判斷,避免延誤治療。
二、兒童長期咳嗽嘅常見成因
1. 呼吸道融合病毒(RSV)
呼吸道融合病毒(RSV)係導致BB同細路仔出現嚴重下呼吸道感染嘅主要病原體,尤其係喺冬天同初春天氣容易大規模爆發。RSV嘅傳播途徑主要係透過飛沫,當感染者咳或者打噴嚏嘅時候,病毒可以經由空氣微粒進入其他人嘅呼吸道;除此之外,掂到被病毒污染嘅物件表面(例如玩具、門柄、毛巾)之後再摸口鼻,都係常見嘅感染方式。根據香港衞生防護中心嘅監測數據,RSV喺五歲以下兒童嘅感染率高達九成以上,而且每年大約有2至3%嘅感染兒童需要入院治療。感染RSV之後嘅初期症狀同普通感冒差唔多,包括鼻塞、流鼻水、輕微發燒等,但係病毒會好快向下入侵細支氣管,引發細支氣管炎,導致咳得好犀利、呼吸急促、有喘鳴聲呢啲典型表現。要留意嘅係,部分兒童喺感染RSV之後嘅幾個星期甚至幾個月內,仍然會持續出現咳極唔好嘅情況,呢個同氣道黏膜受損後嘅過度反應有關。預防RSV最有效嘅方法包括:勤洗手、避免帶BB同細路仔去人多擠迫嘅公共場所、定期消毒成日會接觸到嘅表面,以及喺高風險季節為高風險嘅兒童(例如早產BB或者有先天性心臟病嘅細路)打預防性單株抗體(Palivizumab)。家長要明白,RSV並唔係單純嘅「小感冒」,佢好可能係小朋友久咳唔好嘅隱藏元兇,而且同將來發展成哮喘嘅風險有密切關係。
2. 細支氣管炎
細支氣管炎係BB同細路仔最常見嘅下呼吸道感染疾病,通常發生喺兩歲以下嘅兒童,尤其係六個月以下嘅BB屬於高風險群組。從病理機制嚟講,病毒(最常見係RSV,其次係副流感病毒、人類間質肺炎病毒等)感染咗細支氣管嘅上皮細胞,引發強烈嘅發炎反應,導致氣道水腫、分泌多咗好多黏液、壞死嘅細胞脫落並且堵塞咗氣管通道。呢啲病理變化令到氣道變得好窄,空氣進出受到阻礙,特別係喺呼氣嘅時候更容易出現塌陷,所以會出現喘鳴、呼吸好用力、肋骨凹陷呢啲臨床表現。細支氣管炎引起嘅咳嗽通常一開始係持續性嘅乾咳,跟住會變成有痰嘅濕咳,而且咳嗽可能會持續2至4個星期,甚至更耐,形成典型嘅久咳唔好。治療方面,而家仲未有特效嘅抗病毒藥物,所以主要係用支持性療法:保持呼吸道暢通(例如用泵吸鼻)、補充水分同電解質、有需要嘅時候俾氧氣、用退燒藥控制發燒。對於喘鳴明顯嘅兒童,醫生可能會考慮用吸入型支氣管擴張劑(例如Salbutamol)或者類固醇,不過呢啲藥物喺細支氣管炎嘅治療效果有限,唔係個個病童都適用。家長喺屋企照顧嘅時候,要密切留意細路嘅呼吸頻率同精神狀態,如果發現佢哋出現呼吸好急促(BB每分鐘超過60次)、鼻翼煽動、冇辦法進食或者嘴唇發紫呢啲危險信號,就要即刻帶佢哋去睇醫生。細支氣管炎嘅預防重點同RSV差唔多,包括餵人奶(人奶入面嘅抗體可以提供保護)、接種流感疫苗、避免接觸煙草(二手煙會明顯增加感染風險同症狀嘅嚴重程度)。要留意嘅係,曾經有細支氣管炎病史嘅兒童,將來出現反覆喘鳴或者哮喘嘅機會比一般細路高出幾倍,所以長遠嘅呼吸道健康跟進係非常重要㗎。
3. 哮喘
哮喘係兒童最常見嘅慢性呼吸道疾病之一,特徵係氣道有慢性發炎、過度反應同可逆性嘅氣道阻塞,典型症狀包括反覆發作嘅咳嗽、喘鳴、胸口悶同呼吸困難。喺香港,兒童哮喘嘅盛行率大約係10至15%,而且近年有上升嘅趨勢,特別係喺市區。要留意嘅係,咳嗽成日係哮喘唯一嘅臨床表現,尤其係「咳嗽變異型哮喘」(cough variant asthma, CVA),呢類小朋友幾乎冇喘鳴聲,只有持續性嘅乾咳,特別係喺夜晚、清晨、做完運動之後或者掂到致敏原嗰陣咳得更加犀利,好容易被誤診為反覆性支氣管炎或者過敏性鼻炎。兒童哮喘嘅控制方法主要分為兩大類:長期控制藥物同急性舒緩藥物。長期控制藥物包括吸入型類固醇(ICS,例如Fluticasone)、白三烯素受體拮抗劑(LTRA,例如Montelukast)等,透過每日規律使用嚟抑制氣管發炎、降低氣道過度反應。急性舒緩藥物就以短效吸入型乙型交感神經致效劑(SABA,例如Salbutamol)為主,用嚟快速擴張氣管、舒緩急性咳嗽或者喘息症狀。家長喺管理有哮喘嘅小朋友時,應該同醫生合作制定一個「哮喘行動計劃」,清楚記錄日常嘅藥物用量、症狀監測(例如尖峰呼氣流速值PEF)以及急性發作嘅時候要點樣應對。除此之外,環境控制係哮喘護理嘅關鍵一環:要避免塵蟎(用防蟎寢具、定期用55°C以上嘅熱水洗床單)、減少霉菌滋生(保持室內通風同抽濕)、遠離寵物毛屑同花粉、杜絕二手煙同三手煙嘅危害。兒童哮喘如果冇穩定控制,反覆發作嘅炎症會導致氣道重塑,令肺功能永久受損,呢個就係點解久咳唔好可能係哮喘警號嘅原因。
4. 異物吸入
異物吸入(Foreign Body Aspiration)係兒童急症入面需要高度警覺嘅情況,多數發生喺三歲以下嘅幼兒,因為佢哋好鍾意將細細粒嘅嘢放入口探索世界,而且吞嚥同咳嗽反射仲未完全成熟。常見吸入嘅異物包括花生、瓜子、果仁、啫喱、玩具嘅細小零件、硬幣、鈕扣、電池等。當異物卡咗喺氣道入面,會引起局部刺激、發炎同肉芽組織增生,導致慢性咳嗽、喘鳴或者反覆性肺炎,症狀成日俾人誤以為係感冒或者哮喘。臨床上,大約有20至30%嘅異物吸入個案喺早期並冇明顯嘅窒息事件,得輕微嘅咳嗽,搞到診斷好容易被拖延幾個星期甚至幾個月,最後變成久咳唔好。所以,當小朋友出現「突發性咳嗽」、咳嗽嘅時候有「單側性喘鳴」、同埋用聽筒聽肺有唔對稱嘅呼吸聲,就要高度懷疑係異物吸入嘅可能性。診斷工具包括照胸部X光(但係非金屬異物可能睇唔到)、支氣管鏡檢查(呢個係診斷同治療嘅黃金標準)。一旦確認係異物吸入,就需要喺全身麻醉下用硬式或者軟式支氣管鏡拎返粒嘢出嚟,做完手術之後可能仲要用抗生素同類固醇嚟控制感染同發炎。家長嘅預防角色係非常重要㗎:避免俾四歲以下嘅幼兒食堅果、啫喱、棉花糖呢啲容易噎到嘅食物;將硬幣、鈕扣電池、磁石、玩具嘅細小零件放喺幼兒拎唔到嘅地方;教導小朋友食嘢嘅時候唔好跑跳、嬉笑、喊。如果懷疑小朋友有異物吸入嘅經歷,就算症狀唔明顯,都應該即刻帶佢去睇醫生檢查,千祈唔好自己幫佢拍背或者催吐,以免粒異物移位導致更加嚴重嘅氣道阻塞。
5. 百日咳
百日咳係由百日咳桿菌(Bordetella pertussis)引起嘅急性呼吸道傳染病,特徵性嘅臨床表現係一陣陣、好似抽筋咁嘅咳嗽,咳完嘅時候成日會搭住「吸入性哮聲」(whoop),仲可能會出現咳到嘔、呼吸暫停或者嘴唇發紫。百日咳嘅傳染力非常之強,基本再生數(R0值)高達12至17,即係一位感染者平均可以傳染12至17個未受感染嘅人,遠高過COVID-19同流感。傳播途徑主要係飛沫傳播,潛伏期大約7至10日。病程可以分為三個階段:卡他期(catarrhal stage,大約1至2星期)會出現流鼻水、打噴嚏、輕微咳嗽呢啲好似感冒嘅症狀,呢個時候傳染力最強;陣發期(paroxysmal stage,大約2至8星期)會出現典型嘅陣發性劇咳同吸入性哮聲;恢復期(convalescent stage,幾個星期到幾個月)咳嗽會慢慢減少但係可能仲會持續。百日咳之所以同久咳唔好有密切關係,係因為佢嘅陣發期咳嗽可能會持續幾個月,就算用抗生素清除咗細菌之後,咳嗽反射可能因為氣道神經末梢受損而繼續存在。喺香港,雖然兒童疫苗接種覆蓋率好高,但係百日咳仍然時不時會爆發,尤其係青少年同大人因為打完疫苗後抗體隨住時間會減少,變返容易受感染嘅人,然後將病菌傳俾仲未完成基礎免疫嘅BB。預防百日咳最有效嘅方法係接種含有百日咳成分嘅疫苗(例如五合一疫苗DTaP-IPV-Hib、六合一疫苗DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB),同時建議孕婦喺懷孕第二期或者第三期打一劑Tdap疫苗,透過胎盤抗體保護BB。治療方面,早期用抗生素(例如阿奇黴素、克拉黴素)可以縮短病程同減少傳染性,但係對已經出現嘅陣發性咳嗽效果有限,症狀治療都係以支持性護理為主。對於有經前綜合症(PMS)或者經痛(dysmenorrhea)嘅女性,雖然呢啲情況唔會直接導致小朋友有百日咳,但係如果媽咪本身因為經前綜合症或者經痛而感到唔舒服,可能冇咁容易察覺到小朋友早期嘅咳嗽症狀,所以提醒家長要留意自己嘅健康,先可以更有效咁觀察同照顧小朋友嘅呼吸道問題。
三、居家護理重點
1. 保持室內空氣流通
良好嘅通風可以有效稀釋室內嘅病原體濃度同致敏原數量,對呼吸系統仲喺度發育嘅小朋友尤其重要。家長應該定時開窗換氣,每日至少三次、每次15至30分鐘,如果室外空氣質素唔好(例如懸浮微粒PM2.5濃度好高嗰陣),就可以用空氣清新機(HEPA濾網型)嚟過濾微粒同致敏原。香港住宅空間普遍比較窄,通風冇咁容易,可以考慮喺窗口安裝通風扇或者用有HEPA濾網嘅抽氣扇,促進空氣流通。此外,要避免喺室內用香薰、蠟燭、殺蟲劑呢啲化學噴霧,呢啲物質會刺激小朋友嘅氣道,令咳嗽更加嚴重。
2. 適當嘅濕度
室內濕度應該維持喺40至60%之間,濕度太低會令呼吸道黏膜乾燥,降低纖毛清除異物同病原體嘅能力,導致咳得更加犀利;濕度太高就好容易滋生霉菌同塵蟎,反而成為新嘅致敏原來源。喺冬天用暖氣或者夏天長時間開冷氣嘅時候,建議用濕度計監控室內濕度,有需要嘅時候用加濕器(超聲波型或者蒸發型)或者抽濕機嚟調節。加濕器要每日換水、每個星期清洗一次,以免細菌同霉菌滋生,如果唔係嘅話反而會將病菌噴入空氣,搞到小朋友嘅呼吸道症狀更加差。
3. 避免接觸致敏原
常見嘅室內致敏原包括塵蟎、寵物毛屑、曱甴分泌物同霉菌孢子。家長應該用防蟎布料包住床墊同枕頭,每個星期用55°C以上嘅熱水洗床單、被袋同枕袋;寵物盡量唔好入小朋友嘅睡房,或者定期幫寵物沖涼梳毛;保持廚房同廁所乾爽,減少霉菌滋生;用有蓋嘅垃圾桶嚟處理廚餘,減少曱甴出現嘅機會。如果小朋友對特定花粉過敏,喺花粉季節應該減少開窗時間,喺戶外活動之後即刻換衫、洗面同洗鼻。
4. 鼓勵細路仔飲多啲水
充足嘅水分可以稀釋呼吸道嘅黏液,令痰液容易啲咳出嚟,減少咳嗽嘅次數同唔舒服嘅感覺。對於唔鍾意飲白開水嘅小朋友,可以少量多次俾佢哋飲暖開水、稀釋咗嘅果汁(例如蘋果汁)、冇咖啡因嘅草本茶(例如洋甘菊茶)或者清湯。要避免含糖飲料、碳酸飲品同冰水,因為呢啲飲品可能會刺激喉嚨、加重發炎反應。如果小朋友因為咳到嘔而脫水,要留意佢哋小便嘅量係咪減少(每日至少4至6次排尿)、嘴唇係咪乾,有需要嘅時候可以俾口服電解質補充液。
5. 留意細路仔嘅飲食
飲食方面應該以清淡、容易消化、富含維他命同礦物質嘅食物為主,例如蒸蛋、粥、煮到腍嘅蔬菜、香蕉、木瓜等。避免油炸、辛辣、太甜或者太鹹嘅食物,呢啲食物會刺激呼吸道、令痰液分泌增多。有啲小朋友可能對牛奶或者乳製品敏感,食咗乳製品可能會令痰液變得更加黏稠,家長可以暫時減少乳製品嘅攝入,觀察吓咳嗽有冇好轉。此外,含有抗氧化物(例如維他命C、鋅)嘅食物有助支持免疫系統,例如奇異果、柑橘類水果、士多啤梨、南瓜籽等。
四、用藥注意事項
1. 跟從醫生指示
家長應該嚴格按照醫生開嘅劑量同療程俾藥,唔可以自己加減劑量或者提前停藥,尤其係抗生素(例如治療百日咳嘅阿奇黴素)一定要完成整個療程,以免產生抗藥性。吸入型藥物嘅使用方式(例如噴霧器、定量吸入器)應該由醫護人員指導,確保小朋友用正確嘅方法吸藥,如果唔係嘅話藥物就去唔到氣道深處,療效會大打折扣。
2. 唔好自己俾成藥細路食
市面上好多成藥(例如複方感冒糖漿、止咳藥水)含有複方成分,部分成分(例如可待因codeine、偽麻黃鹼pseudoephedrine)對小朋友可能會造成嚴重嘅副作用,包括呼吸抑制、中樞神經興奮或者過敏反應。世界衛生組織同各地嘅衛生主管機關都強烈建議,六歲以下嘅兒童唔應該用非處方嘅止咳藥同感冒藥。對於因為經前綜合症或者經痛而食緊荷爾蒙藥或者止痛藥嘅媽咪,千祈唔好覺得「大人藥可以減半俾細路食」,小朋友嘅藥物劑量要根據體重、年齡、肝腎功能準確計算,自己用藥係非常危險㗎。
3. 留意藥物嘅副作用
常見嘅兒童呼吸道藥物副作用包括:支氣管擴張劑可能會引起心跳加快、手震、煩躁不安;類固醇可能會導致口腔念珠菌感染(鵝口瘡)或者把聲沙啞,用完吸入型類固醇之後要即刻漱口洗面;抗組織胺藥物可能會引起眼瞓或者口乾。如果發現小朋友用藥之後出現異常行為、出疹、呼吸困難或者嚴重肚屙,應該即刻停藥並諮詢醫生。
五、幾時應該去睇醫生?
1. 呼吸困難
當小朋友出現呼吸好急促(BB呼吸次數每分鐘超過60次,學齡前兒童超過40次)、鼻翼煽動、肋骨或者鎖骨對上凹陷、嘴唇或者指甲變紫、點頭式呼吸呢啲徵兆,代表呼吸道已經嚴重受阻,有急性呼吸衰竭嘅風險,必須即刻去急症室。
2. 發燒
如果咳嗽伴隨持續高燒(體溫超過39°C而且退燒藥無效)、發燒超過三日、或者退燒後精神狀態仍然唔好(成日瞓、煩躁、神志唔清),可能代表有細菌性肺炎或者其他嚴重感染,需要去睇醫生檢查。
3. 咳嗽嚴重影響睡眠
夜晚咳得太密令到小朋友冇辦法瞓覺、夜晚扎醒、或者睡眠質素明顯下降,長期落去可能會影響生長激素分泌同日頭嘅學習表現,需要搵醫生幫手控制咳嗽症狀。
4. 唔肯食嘢飲水
因為咳到吞嘢痛、濁親或者嘔,搞到小朋友唔肯進食或者飲水,可能會引起脫水同營養不良。BB如果連續六個鐘以上冇濕尿片、喊嘅時候冇眼淚、頭頂前囟門凹陷,就表示已經脫水,要即刻帶去睇醫生。
六、預防措施
1. 注重個人衞生
教導小朋友養成勤洗手嘅好習慣,尤其係掂完公共物品、從街外返屋企、食飯前同去廁所後,用梘液同清水搓洗至少20秒。咳嗽或者打噴嚏嘅時候應該用紙巾或者手肘內側掩住口鼻,然後將用過嘅紙巾即刻掉入有蓋垃圾桶。家長要定期清潔消毒小朋友成日會接觸到嘅物件表面,例如門柄、玩具、手機、平板電腦等。
2. 接種疫苗
按時接種香港兒童免疫接種計劃入面嘅所有疫苗,包括五合一疫苗(含有百日咳)、流感疫苗(六個月以上兒童每年接種)、以及新冠疫苗(根據年齡同健康狀況評估)。對於高風險群組嘅BB,可以問吓醫生需唔需要接種RSV預防性單株抗體。懷孕婦女應該接種百日咳疫苗(Tdap),用嚟保護BB。
3. 避免去人多嘅地方
喺呼吸道病毒流行嘅季節(例如冬天、春天),盡量避免帶小朋友去擠迫、通風唔好嘅公共場所,例如百貨公司、戲院、密閉嘅遊樂場、公共交通工具(冇必要嘅時候)。如果一定要出去,建議俾小朋友戴返個合適嘅口罩(例如KF94或者N95),同埋保持社交距離。
七、提醒父母重視兒童久咳唔好嘅問題
小朋友咳極都唔好,並唔係單純嘅「體質虛弱」或者「感冒拖太耐」,佢好可能係RSV感染、細支氣管炎、哮喘、異物吸入或者百日咳呢啲潛在疾病嘅表現。家長應該用科學嘅態度同醫療專業人士合作,從症狀觀察、即刻去睇醫生、居家護理到預防措施,逐步建立完整嘅兒童呼吸道健康管理。同時,家庭環境同父母嘅健康狀態都會影響小朋友嘅康復進度,例如媽咪如果因為經前綜合症或者經痛而情緒唔穩定或者身體唔舒服,可能會忽略咗小朋友早期嘅症狀,搞到延誤咗醫治。所以,照顧者嘅自我健康管理都應該受到重視。只有透過全面嘅認識同積極嘅行動,先可以有效縮短小朋友嘅咳嗽病程,避免反覆感染同併發症,守護住小朋友呼吸道健康嘅每一步成長。
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